THE NOUN |
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THE NOUN
Noun : A noun is the word that refers to a person, place, animal, bird, village, thing,
object, substance, state, county or abstract idea or feeling.
· A noun can tell you who? Or what?
· A noun names a person, people, place, thing or idea.
· Noun gives the names of concrete or abstract things in our lives.
· Some times it states the quality or action.
A noun can function as a subject or object of a verb and can be modified by an adjective.
· It can be function as complement, appositive.
There are several different types of nouns exist.
Classification-1:
Nouns are two types: They are (i) Concrete noun (ii) Abstract noun
(i) Concrete noun: Concrete nouns are the names things which can recognizable through the sense of organs. We can see, hear, taste, smell or touch the items.
Ex: table chair room bottle dog gold
girl boy paper rock kitchen notebook
(ii) Abstract noun: Abstract nouns are the ideas, feelings, events and qualities. We can’t see, hear, taste, smell or touch the items.
Ex: fear freedom love internet trust happiness
courage hope honesty policy sadness beauty
Classification-2:
Nouns are five types: They are (i) Common noun
(ii) Proper noun
(iii) Material noun
(iv) Collective noun
(v) Compound noun
(i) Common noun: Most of the nouns are generally in this form. It is the common name of similar things.
Ex: boy, girl, teacher, doctor, patient, cow, book
(ii) Proper noun: The names of particular person, animal or thing. Generally we use capital letter for the first letter in proper noun.
Ex: Ramu, John, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Nepal, Mother Teresa
(iii) Material noun: The names of some materials like metals, furniture, …. are called material nouns.
Ex: milk, steel, iron, gold, wood
(iv) Collective noun: The names of group of things or people as a unit. Collective noun means it is a collection of some people or things.
Ex: group, mob, class, assembly, family, flock, audience, bunch
(v) Compound noun: It is the combination of two or more nouns. Generally the combination of any two nouns.
Ex: school boy, college student, paper boy, glass door, iron box
Classification-3:
Nouns are five types: They are (i) Countable noun
(ii) Uncountable noun
(i) Countable noun: It have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number and they can be counted.
Ex: chair, house, boy, friend, cinema,………..
* These nouns work with the expressions such as
“a few, few, many, some, every, these and the number of”.
Ex: a few pens many bottles every table
a few computers some spoons each cup
these Televisions every stick a few shoes
a few toys many flowers the number of tables
* We should never say much pens or much computers.
(ii) Uncountable noun: These nouns can not be counted. It can only be used in singular. They can’t be counted. They usually express a group or a type
Ex: money bread water coffee honesty
ice Oxygen English traffic sugar
rice flour sunshine sun light
* These are generally can not be pluralized.
* These can work both with and with out articles(a, an, the).
Ex: Sugar is sweet.
The sun shine is beautiful.
I drink milk.
He eats rice.
The wood is burning.
We watch Cricket together.
* These can work with expressions such as
“some, any, enough, this, that and much”.
Ex: We ate some rice and milk.
She does not speak much English.
That water is very cold.
Do you see traffic on the road.
* These can not work with expressions such as
“these, those, every, each, either or neither”.
Singulars – Plurals
· Nouns can be singular or plural.
· The plural form of a noun is usually formed by adding ‘s’ at the end of the noun.
· But this is not always the case.
· There are some exceptions to the rule.
· And some plurals are irregular.
* Most nouns form the plurals by adding “-s”.
Ex: boat - boats house - houses
cat - cats river - rivers
dog - dogs ant - ants
banana - bananas bicycle - bicycles
daughter - daughters egg - eggs
flower - flowers king - kings
queen - queens teacher - teachers
school - schools college - colleges
lodge - lodges tiger - tigers
crow - crows vase - vases
well - wells magazine - magazines
lock - locks picture - pictures
* A noun ending in “o, oo” makes the plural by adding “-s”.
Ex: photo - photos radio - radios
solo - solos piano - pianos
studio - studios video - videos
zoo - zoos stereo - stereos
zero - zeros bamboo - bamboos
ratio - ratios
* A noun ending in “s, x, z, ch, sh” makes the plural by adding “-es”.
Ex: bus - busses box - boxes
quartz - quartzes bench - benches
wish - wishes pitch - pitches
address - addresses batch - batches
match - matches branch - branches
brush - brushes class - classes
dress - dresses dish - dishes
six - sixes lens - lenses
inch - inches patch - patches
prefix - prefixes virus - viruses
fox - foxes watch - watches
* A noun ending in consonant and then “y” makes the plural by adding “-ies”.
Ex: baby - babies penny - pennies
city - cities country - countries
daisy - daisies fly - flies
* A noun ending in vowel and then “y” makes the plural by adding “-s”. Proper nouns are added with “s” to make their plural forms.
Ex: toy - toys monkey - monkeys
donkey - donkeys kidney - kidneys
kennedy - Kennedys
* A noun ending in “f, fe” makes the plural by removing “f / fe” and adding “-ves”.
Ex: wolf - wolves wife - wives
knife - knifes elf - elves
shelf - shelves leaf - leaves
half - halves
* There are some irregular formation for noun plurals.
Ex: man - men woman - women
child - children tooth - teeth
foot - feet person - people
leaf - leafs mouse - mice
potato - potatoes tomato - tomatoes
cactus - cacti focus - foci
goose - geese radius - radii
fungus - fungi nucleus - nuclei
syllabus - syllabi hero - heroes
oasis - oases thesis - theses
crisis - crises criterion - criteria
analysis - analyses diagnosis - diagnoses
datum - data medium - media
phenomenon - phenomena
* There are some nouns have the same form in the singular and plural.
Ex: fish - fish deer - deer
species - species sheep - sheep
milk - milk water - water
juice - juice physics - physics
chemistry - chemistry love - love
freedom - freedom peace - peace
* There are some nouns without singular form.
Ex: scissors pliers
pants trousers
shorts
* There are some nouns without plural form.
Ex: news information
Measles baggage
Advice knowledge
rubbish
Verb/noun agreement
* A singular noun takes a singular verb.
Ex: The dog is barking.
The cat is mewing.
A file is missed.
The purse was stolen.
A library is a useful building.
* A plural noun takes a plural verb.
Ex: The dogs are barking.
The cats are mewing.
The files are missed.
The purses were stolen.
Libraries are useful .
Irregular verb/noun agreement
* Plural nouns used with singular verbs.
Ex: The News is at 6 a.m.
Darts is a popular game in England.
Billiards is played all over the world.
Athletics is good for young people.
* Plural nouns used with plural verbs. Some one have fixed plural form and take a plural verb. They are not used in the singular or they have a different meaning in the singular.
Ex: My trousers are too tight.
His jeans are black.
Those glasses are very nice.
(Some more nouns like savings, thanks, congratulations, stairs, wages, spectacles, out skirts, goods, wits, …)
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership.
* Possessive nouns are usually formed by adding an apostrophe (’) and “s”.
Ex: Latha’s book
Surya’s bicycle
Ankitha’s bangle
Krishna’s factory
* When a noun is plural and ends in “s” , then we just add an apostrophe (’) to form possessive nouns.
Ex: The kids’ toys
My parents’ house
The teachers’ lounge
Ministers’ conference hall
* If two people own one thing, then we just add the apostrophe (’) and “s” to the second person only to form possessive nouns.
Ex: Srinu and Ravi’s bench
Latha and Geetha’s family
Raju and Krishna’s company
* If two people own separate things, then we add apostrophe (’) and “s” for each person to form possessive nouns.
Ex: Srinu’s and Ravi’s bench
Pavan’s and Ramu’s family
Kavya’s and Navya’s books
EXERCISE
1. She is a ………………………… (nurse / nurses)
2. A book is a good ……………………….. (friend / friends)
3. A small car is a great …………………………. (vehicle / vehicles)
4. She is a smart ……………………………… (girl / girls)
5. It is an old ………………………. (church / churches)
6. Is this man a ………………………… (worker / workers)
7. Is he a nice ………………………….. (character / characters)
8. These ………………… belongs to those boys. (pant / pants)
9. Are the ………………….. in the class room. (student / students)
10. The brush is under the …………….. (chair / chairs)
11. I am not a famous ……………………… (woman / women)
12. The ……………………… are not in the boxes. (pencil / pencils)
13. I like those ……………………. (toy / toys)
14. She is a clever ………………………. (girl / girls)
15. They are clever ………………………… (boy / boys)
16. The …………………… are going. (cat / sheep)
17. Are these ………………… hungry. (boy / boys)
18. They are not …………….. (worker / workers)
19. I have three ……………… (child / children)
20. There are five ………………………… (man / men)
21. …………………….. (baby / babies) play with bottles as toys.
22. A few men wear ………………………. (watch / watches)
23. I put a …………….. (memo / memos) on the table.
24. I saw a …………………….. (mouse / mice) running by.
25. There are few …………….. (car / cars) on the road.
26. Ashoka was a great ………………………. (king / kings)
27. Mumbai is a big ………………….. (city / cities)
28. The ……………….. is on the table. (book / books)
29. Delhi is the capital of India. ( True / False)
30. He returned from canada last week. (True / False)
31. Sundarlal Bahuguna is a ………………………. (leader / leaders)
32. china has a large population. (True / False)
33. The Ganga is a sacred river. (True / False)
34. Raju is a good ………………………. (doctor / doctors)
35. ……………………. (hen / sheep) is eating nuts.
Noun : A noun is the word that refers to a person, place, animal, bird, village, thing,
object, substance, state, county or abstract idea or feeling.
· A noun can tell you who? Or what?
· A noun names a person, people, place, thing or idea.
· Noun gives the names of concrete or abstract things in our lives.
· Some times it states the quality or action.
A noun can function as a subject or object of a verb and can be modified by an adjective.
· It can be function as complement, appositive.
There are several different types of nouns exist.
Classification-1:
Nouns are two types: They are (i) Concrete noun (ii) Abstract noun
(i) Concrete noun: Concrete nouns are the names things which can recognizable through the sense of organs. We can see, hear, taste, smell or touch the items.
Ex: table chair room bottle dog gold
girl boy paper rock kitchen notebook
(ii) Abstract noun: Abstract nouns are the ideas, feelings, events and qualities. We can’t see, hear, taste, smell or touch the items.
Ex: fear freedom love internet trust happiness
courage hope honesty policy sadness beauty
Classification-2:
Nouns are five types: They are (i) Common noun
(ii) Proper noun
(iii) Material noun
(iv) Collective noun
(v) Compound noun
(i) Common noun: Most of the nouns are generally in this form. It is the common name of similar things.
Ex: boy, girl, teacher, doctor, patient, cow, book
(ii) Proper noun: The names of particular person, animal or thing. Generally we use capital letter for the first letter in proper noun.
Ex: Ramu, John, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Nepal, Mother Teresa
(iii) Material noun: The names of some materials like metals, furniture, …. are called material nouns.
Ex: milk, steel, iron, gold, wood
(iv) Collective noun: The names of group of things or people as a unit. Collective noun means it is a collection of some people or things.
Ex: group, mob, class, assembly, family, flock, audience, bunch
(v) Compound noun: It is the combination of two or more nouns. Generally the combination of any two nouns.
Ex: school boy, college student, paper boy, glass door, iron box
Classification-3:
Nouns are five types: They are (i) Countable noun
(ii) Uncountable noun
(i) Countable noun: It have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number and they can be counted.
Ex: chair, house, boy, friend, cinema,………..
* These nouns work with the expressions such as
“a few, few, many, some, every, these and the number of”.
Ex: a few pens many bottles every table
a few computers some spoons each cup
these Televisions every stick a few shoes
a few toys many flowers the number of tables
* We should never say much pens or much computers.
(ii) Uncountable noun: These nouns can not be counted. It can only be used in singular. They can’t be counted. They usually express a group or a type
Ex: money bread water coffee honesty
ice Oxygen English traffic sugar
rice flour sunshine sun light
* These are generally can not be pluralized.
* These can work both with and with out articles(a, an, the).
Ex: Sugar is sweet.
The sun shine is beautiful.
I drink milk.
He eats rice.
The wood is burning.
We watch Cricket together.
* These can work with expressions such as
“some, any, enough, this, that and much”.
Ex: We ate some rice and milk.
She does not speak much English.
That water is very cold.
Do you see traffic on the road.
* These can not work with expressions such as
“these, those, every, each, either or neither”.
Singulars – Plurals
· Nouns can be singular or plural.
· The plural form of a noun is usually formed by adding ‘s’ at the end of the noun.
· But this is not always the case.
· There are some exceptions to the rule.
· And some plurals are irregular.
* Most nouns form the plurals by adding “-s”.
Ex: boat - boats house - houses
cat - cats river - rivers
dog - dogs ant - ants
banana - bananas bicycle - bicycles
daughter - daughters egg - eggs
flower - flowers king - kings
queen - queens teacher - teachers
school - schools college - colleges
lodge - lodges tiger - tigers
crow - crows vase - vases
well - wells magazine - magazines
lock - locks picture - pictures
* A noun ending in “o, oo” makes the plural by adding “-s”.
Ex: photo - photos radio - radios
solo - solos piano - pianos
studio - studios video - videos
zoo - zoos stereo - stereos
zero - zeros bamboo - bamboos
ratio - ratios
* A noun ending in “s, x, z, ch, sh” makes the plural by adding “-es”.
Ex: bus - busses box - boxes
quartz - quartzes bench - benches
wish - wishes pitch - pitches
address - addresses batch - batches
match - matches branch - branches
brush - brushes class - classes
dress - dresses dish - dishes
six - sixes lens - lenses
inch - inches patch - patches
prefix - prefixes virus - viruses
fox - foxes watch - watches
* A noun ending in consonant and then “y” makes the plural by adding “-ies”.
Ex: baby - babies penny - pennies
city - cities country - countries
daisy - daisies fly - flies
* A noun ending in vowel and then “y” makes the plural by adding “-s”. Proper nouns are added with “s” to make their plural forms.
Ex: toy - toys monkey - monkeys
donkey - donkeys kidney - kidneys
kennedy - Kennedys
* A noun ending in “f, fe” makes the plural by removing “f / fe” and adding “-ves”.
Ex: wolf - wolves wife - wives
knife - knifes elf - elves
shelf - shelves leaf - leaves
half - halves
* There are some irregular formation for noun plurals.
Ex: man - men woman - women
child - children tooth - teeth
foot - feet person - people
leaf - leafs mouse - mice
potato - potatoes tomato - tomatoes
cactus - cacti focus - foci
goose - geese radius - radii
fungus - fungi nucleus - nuclei
syllabus - syllabi hero - heroes
oasis - oases thesis - theses
crisis - crises criterion - criteria
analysis - analyses diagnosis - diagnoses
datum - data medium - media
phenomenon - phenomena
* There are some nouns have the same form in the singular and plural.
Ex: fish - fish deer - deer
species - species sheep - sheep
milk - milk water - water
juice - juice physics - physics
chemistry - chemistry love - love
freedom - freedom peace - peace
* There are some nouns without singular form.
Ex: scissors pliers
pants trousers
shorts
* There are some nouns without plural form.
Ex: news information
Measles baggage
Advice knowledge
rubbish
Verb/noun agreement
* A singular noun takes a singular verb.
Ex: The dog is barking.
The cat is mewing.
A file is missed.
The purse was stolen.
A library is a useful building.
* A plural noun takes a plural verb.
Ex: The dogs are barking.
The cats are mewing.
The files are missed.
The purses were stolen.
Libraries are useful .
Irregular verb/noun agreement
* Plural nouns used with singular verbs.
Ex: The News is at 6 a.m.
Darts is a popular game in England.
Billiards is played all over the world.
Athletics is good for young people.
* Plural nouns used with plural verbs. Some one have fixed plural form and take a plural verb. They are not used in the singular or they have a different meaning in the singular.
Ex: My trousers are too tight.
His jeans are black.
Those glasses are very nice.
(Some more nouns like savings, thanks, congratulations, stairs, wages, spectacles, out skirts, goods, wits, …)
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership.
* Possessive nouns are usually formed by adding an apostrophe (’) and “s”.
Ex: Latha’s book
Surya’s bicycle
Ankitha’s bangle
Krishna’s factory
* When a noun is plural and ends in “s” , then we just add an apostrophe (’) to form possessive nouns.
Ex: The kids’ toys
My parents’ house
The teachers’ lounge
Ministers’ conference hall
* If two people own one thing, then we just add the apostrophe (’) and “s” to the second person only to form possessive nouns.
Ex: Srinu and Ravi’s bench
Latha and Geetha’s family
Raju and Krishna’s company
* If two people own separate things, then we add apostrophe (’) and “s” for each person to form possessive nouns.
Ex: Srinu’s and Ravi’s bench
Pavan’s and Ramu’s family
Kavya’s and Navya’s books
EXERCISE
1. She is a ………………………… (nurse / nurses)
2. A book is a good ……………………….. (friend / friends)
3. A small car is a great …………………………. (vehicle / vehicles)
4. She is a smart ……………………………… (girl / girls)
5. It is an old ………………………. (church / churches)
6. Is this man a ………………………… (worker / workers)
7. Is he a nice ………………………….. (character / characters)
8. These ………………… belongs to those boys. (pant / pants)
9. Are the ………………….. in the class room. (student / students)
10. The brush is under the …………….. (chair / chairs)
11. I am not a famous ……………………… (woman / women)
12. The ……………………… are not in the boxes. (pencil / pencils)
13. I like those ……………………. (toy / toys)
14. She is a clever ………………………. (girl / girls)
15. They are clever ………………………… (boy / boys)
16. The …………………… are going. (cat / sheep)
17. Are these ………………… hungry. (boy / boys)
18. They are not …………….. (worker / workers)
19. I have three ……………… (child / children)
20. There are five ………………………… (man / men)
21. …………………….. (baby / babies) play with bottles as toys.
22. A few men wear ………………………. (watch / watches)
23. I put a …………….. (memo / memos) on the table.
24. I saw a …………………….. (mouse / mice) running by.
25. There are few …………….. (car / cars) on the road.
26. Ashoka was a great ………………………. (king / kings)
27. Mumbai is a big ………………….. (city / cities)
28. The ……………….. is on the table. (book / books)
29. Delhi is the capital of India. ( True / False)
30. He returned from canada last week. (True / False)
31. Sundarlal Bahuguna is a ………………………. (leader / leaders)
32. china has a large population. (True / False)
33. The Ganga is a sacred river. (True / False)
34. Raju is a good ………………………. (doctor / doctors)
35. ……………………. (hen / sheep) is eating nuts.